🌍 Introduction
Reproduction in flowering plants ensures the continuity of species. It involves both sexual and asexual modes, with emphasis on flower structure, pollination, fertilization, and seed formation.
✨ Key Notes
🔹 Structure of Flower
Androecium (male part): Stamens (anther + filament).
Gynoecium (female part): Carpel (stigma, style, ovary).
🔹 Pollination
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
Types:
Autogamy: Same flower.
Geitonogamy: Different flowers, same plant.
Xenogamy: Different plants.
Agents of Pollination: Insects, wind, water, animals.
🔹 Double Fertilization
Unique to angiosperms.
One male gamete fuses with egg → zygote.
Other fuses with polar nuclei → endosperm.
🔹 Post-Fertilization Events
Ovule → Seed.
Ovary → Fruit.
Endosperm provides nutrition to embryo.
🔹 Apomixis & Polyembryony
Apomixis: Seed formation without fertilization.
Polyembryony: More than one embryo in a seed.
📑 Important Board Questions
Q1. Describe the process of double fertilization in flowering plants.
Q2. Differentiate between autogamy, geitonogamy, and xenogamy.
Q3. What is apomixis? Mention its significance.
Q4. Draw a labeled diagram of a typical angiosperm flower.
Q5. Explain the role of endosperm in seed development.
🧾 NEET MCQs
Q1. Double fertilization is a characteristic feature of:
a) Gymnosperms
b) Angiosperms
c) Algae
d) Bryophytes
👉 Answer: (b) Angiosperms
Q2. Which type of pollination is carried out by insects?
a) Anemophily
b) Entomophily
c) Hydrophily
d) Zoophily
👉 Answer: (b) Entomophily
Q3. Formation of seed without fertilization is called:
a) Parthenocarpy
b) Polyembryony
c) Apomixis
d) Gametogenesis
👉 Answer: (c) Apomixis
📌 Summary
Flower is the reproductive unit in angiosperms.
Pollination can be self or cross, aided by various agents.
Double fertilization is unique to flowering plants.
Ovule develops into seed, ovary into fruit
Apomixis & polyembryony provide variations in reproduction.
🔑 Keywords:
Class 12 Biology Notes, Reproduction in Flowering Plants, NEET Biology, NCERT Class 12 Chapter 2, Double Fertilization, Angiosperm Reproduction.
